Radioecology: from early studies to modern challenges, with a focus on Serbia

Radioecology is an interdisciplinary scientific field that studies the migration of radionuclides in the environment, their interactions with ecosystems, and the biological effects of ionizing radiation on non-human biota. Since its origins in the late 19th century, radioecology has evolved in response to nuclear testing, industrial activities, and major nuclear accidents such as Chernobyl and Fukushima. This paper explores both natural and anthropogenic radionuclides, their environmental pathways, and bioavailability, and a methodological approach for asseing the effects of ionizing radiation on non-human biota. Particular emphasis is placed on radioecology in Serbia, covering historical research developments, contamination sources, including depleted uranium, detection techniques for radionuclides and the principles of radiological protection. Through a systematic review of available data, this study highlights the importance of an integrated approach to protecting ecosystems from radiological contamination.