CtDNA: What We Know and What We Are Looking For

In recent years, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has become an essential analyte in both scientific research and the treatment of oncology patients. While many questions remain unanswered, the information contained in ctDNA molecules is crucial for understanding the biological characteristics of malignant tumors. Currently, plasma is the standard biological source of ctDNA, although other sources are being explored as potential alternatives. The kinetics of ctDNA is influenced by various factors, all of which must be considered when determining the timing and volume of body fluid samples. CtDNA has applications in oncology, particularly in selecting the most appropriate targeted therapy based on the mutations present in tumors. Its role in the early detection of cancer or minimal residual disease is still under investigation. Our aim was to highlight outstanding challenges for the applications of ctDNA in research and molecular diagnostics. To expand the use of ctDNA in clinical practice it is necessary to establish clear and standardized protocols for the isolation and detection of ctDNA. Until then, we must continue to summarize existing literature, highlighting the issues that we are eager to resolve.